Which statement distinguishes universalistic ethics from relativistic ethics in cross-cultural research?

• A. Relativistic ethics adapt standards to local norms; universalistic ethics apply the same standards across cultures; this can create tensions with consent and protection.
• B. Universalistic ethics focus only on Western cultures.
• C. Universalistic ethics adapt standards to local norms.
• D. Relativistic ethics apply the same standards across cultures.

Answer: (A)

The main idea being tested here is how ethical standards are applied across cultures in research. Universalistic ethics argue that the same protections and procedures should be used everywhere, keeping ethical standards constant regardless of local context. Relativistic ethics, on the other hand, hold that ethical guidance should be shaped by local norms, laws, and practices, so standards are adapted to fit the cultural setting. The statement highlighted captures this contrast and notes a real consequence: applying universal standards can clash with local norms, creating tensions around consent and protection. The other options misstate the positions—universalism is not limited to Western cultures, universalistic ethics aren’t about adapting standards to local norms, and relativistic ethics aren’t about applying the same standards across cultures.